Philosophical And Theoretical Approaches On Children s...

Philosophical and Theoretical Approaches to Children’s Development Understanding theories in supporting children’s play and development are able to provide children with effective methods of developing life skills. There are various theories that teach us how children can benefit from play. One theorist, Sigmund Freud, discovered a theory that helped adults to recognise children’s areas of development through the purpose of the conscious and unconscious mind. The conscious mind contains information that is viewed as disciplinary. This is emphasised in Early Years Settings when children misbehave and need to be punished for it. Although no matter what the situation, all children should be punished fairly. However, the unconscious mind contains information that is unpleasant. The unconscious mind leads to children developing feelings that can cause them to develop an unstable emotional state of mind. These feelings include: pain or conflict. Freud decided that there are three parts to his theory of personality, which linked to the psychoanalytic perspective. These ideas were: the ID, ego and superego. A person’s ID is an efficient component to confirm their identity and has been an existent element of personality since birth. This aspect of personality is unconscious and symbolises instinctive and primitive behaviours. Freud suggested that all behaviour is motivated and the dynamics of unconscious thoughts triggers it. Unconscious thoughts that a child develops during theirShow MoreRelatedConceptual Analysis Of A Specific Theoretical Construct1496 Words   |  6 PagesConceptual Analysis of a Specific Theoretical Construct Philosophical/ Historical Roots of Empowerment The philosophy of empowerment derives its origins from a well known educational approach that was introduced by Paulo Freire in the 1960s and also in the participative approaches that were popular in the 1970s. 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Individual General Profile City of Kelsey Eth/316 Free Essays

Individual General Profile Angel Pacheco 7/22/12 ETH/316 The City of Kelsey boasts a rich and diverse culture with residents ranging from African American, Caucasian, Asian American, and other ethnicities. The occupations that these residents are associated with range from logistics, information technologies, medical personnel, and blue collar occupations. Interaction within a community as tight knit as the City of Kelsey occurs throughout the region. We will write a custom essay sample on Individual General Profile City of Kelsey Eth/316 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shops in the downtown area offer a place for residents to hang out and relieve stress, as well as aid in spurring the regions economy. The Kelsey Library is a great place for residents of all ages to research the internet, as well as read recreationally. Community events in the City of Kelsey include an annual 10K Marathon, various sports tournaments, an annual balloon festival, a monthly farmers market, and an annual St. Patricks Day Parade. These events offer a wide variety of events to enable community interaction. With over 71,000 students in the Kelsey School system, all regional schools are used to educate students in a group setting. This group setting is paramount in interaction between students. With over 4,500 educators, the school system offers a place for staff members to interact as well. With a history embedded in agriculture, combined with an organic way of life, the community believes in being responsible for the community on an individual basis. With the use of public transportation, and alternative means such as bicycles the community is showing how they are giving back. With the community offering many opportunities for activity such as arts and crafts center, aquatic center, Lake Lora, and the city park it is the responsibility of the community to reciprocate this through careful preservation of these resources. The City of Kelsey has a foundation of preservation of natural resources, but with the rise of population in the last few years the efforts must be dramatically increased. Being socially responsible would be to recognize this problem and allocate funds to maintain the problem with the Sanitation Department and their digester problem. Many of the problems that arise with their greatest resource water, derived from Lake Lora or regional aquifers, may be caused by leeching from a poorly kept solid waste digester. Allocation of funds for this problem is imperative in determining the ability of reversing the degradation of the water quality available to the City of Kelsey. How to cite Individual General Profile City of Kelsey Eth/316, Papers

Key features of Borderline Personality Disorder †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Key features of Borderline Personality Disorder. Answer: Introduction: Abnormal psychology may be defined as the branch of psychology that deals with unusual behavioral patterns, thoughts and emotion of an individual that may or may not be considered as a mental disorder. Personality disorder can be defined as an abnormal behavior that involves an unhealthy and rigid thinking pattern most of the time accompanied with abnormal behavior and functioning. An individual suffering from personality disorder faces trouble while perceiving or relating to another individual and situations (Stepp et al., 2012). Under personality disorders, borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by mental illness that is marked by varying moods, behavior and self-image (Gunderson, Weinberg Choi-Kain, 2013). These symptoms result in problems and impulsive actions in relationships. People with BPD may experience depression, intense episodes of anger and anxiety lasting from few hours to days. Therefore, the following report involves the study of key features of this abnormal behavior, causes and psychological help required for a BPD individual. Key features of Borderline Personality Disorder BPD individuals are unable to manage their emotions effectively especially in the context of relationships. They are thought to be at the border of psychosis facing difficulties in emotional regulation exhibiting high rates of suicides, self-injurious behavior and completed suicide. It is more common in females with 75% as compared to males (Tyrer, Reed Crawford, 2015). According to American Psychiatric Association (APA) 2013, there are nine specific diagnostic criteria or symptoms defined in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth edition (DSM-V) (Sellbom et al., 2014). This criterion explains this abnormal behavior into four domains where one must fulfill five out of nine criteria. Domain A is characterized by emotional instability, irritability, emotional anguish, panic or anxiety attacks. Anger is intense, inappropriate and difficult to control that may be followed by chronic feelings of emptiness. In addition, emotional storms that may be under-reactive and frequent feelings of boredom and loneliness are also the key features of BPD individuals (Anderson et al., 2014). Domain B comprises of impulsive behaviors where two of the DSM-5 criteria fall in this group. There is recurrent suicidal or self-injurious behavior, threats and gestures like hitting or cutting or any dangerous activity in BPD. In domain C, the individuals with BPD experience inaccurate perceptions about themselves and high level of suspiciousness. The individuals develop persistent unstable self-image or sense of identity and perceptions about oneself. The individuals become suspicious of others about themselves and paranoid ideation or stress related dissociative episodes where they feel that their surroundings are not real. There is all-or-nothing or split personality where they find it difficult to pull their thoughts so that they make sense and rationale in problem thinking (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In last domain D, individuals with BPD experience tumultuous and unstable relationships. The final two key features fall under this DSM-V where individuals are engaged in frantic efforts so that they are able to avoid imagined or real abandonment. Another key feature include unstable, intense and alternate between extremes of undervaluing people or over idealizing the people who are important to them. The individual with BPD may experience clinging behaviors or overly dependent in important relationships. Individuals who fall under this category may expect harmful behaviors or negative attitudes from other people and face difficulty in reasoning clearly in stressful situations (Morey, Skodol Oldham, 2014). Apart from these key features, BPD individuals may experience feelings of emptiness that may be followed by difficulty in controlling anger displaying enduring bitterness, extreme sarcasm or verbal outbursts. In addition, this sudden burst of anger is often followed by guilt and shame contributing to their evil behavior. There are also sudden periods of extreme stress or dissociative behavior (depersonalization) that is of insufficient duration of severity warranting an additional diagnosis. Causes behind borderline personality disorder There are no specific reasons that why individuals have trouble in BPD. However, a combination of factors comprises of genetic factors, neurobiology, neurotransmitters and traumatic or stressful life events that causes BPD. The subsequent section discusses the literature review explaining some of the causes of BPD. Amad et al., (2014) conducted a systematic review along with meta-analysis regarding BPD genetics on twin and families and gene-environment interaction. The research objective was to study the interaction between gene and environment that has a role in the genesis of BPD. Two case-control studies that tested same polymorphism were also performed for meta-analysis. For the literature search strategy, systematic search was carried out using Scopus and Medline databases since 2013 using key words, gene, borderline personality disorder, haplotype and polymorphism. All English peer-reviewed, full text journals where BPD patients diagnosed under DSM criteria of the age eighteen years were included for the study. The papers that comprised of familial segregation studies, association, twin studies and gene-interaction studies were considered. Meta-analysis where case-control studies showing same polymorphism were considered. For each study, confidence intervals (CI) and odd ratios (OR) were estimated for each study and Cochran Q was used for testing heterogeneity. Statistical analysis was done using MIX 2.0 statistical software. The main findings of the study suggested that there is genetic vulnerability to BPD and gene-environment interaction plays a significant role in BPD genesis. A neurotransmitter, low levels of serotonin is linked to cause of BPD. If an individual is having low serotonin levels, it can make them angry or severely depressed. Noradrenalin and dopamine also causes same effect as serotonin when the body experience low levels. Neurobiology (executive functioning) can also cause BPD. Soloff et al., (2014) conducted a study to investigate the suicidal behavior and its behavioral expression in BPD related to serotonergic function. For this study, 33 BPD patients and 27 controls participated who were assessed for Axis I and II with DSM-IV. Using standardized measures, impulsivity, depressed mood, temperament and aggression was measured. The binding potential of serotonin-2A receptors was studied through positron emission tomography. Logan graphical analysis was used for data analysis. The results of the study suggested that in BPD patients, aggression, antisocial PD, Cluster B co-morbidity and childhood trauma was associated with altanserin binding. In BPD females, BPND values predicted aggression and impulsivity, but not in males. This contributes to suicide and differences in region-specific binding of serotonin-2A receptor binding are associated with BPD diagnosis and suicidal behavior. This depicts that serotonin differential binding is associated with expression of BPD risk factors. The three distinct parts of brain; hippocampus, amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex help in making decisions. Abnormality in each of these regulation areas can cause BPD. Hagenhoff et al., (2013) conducted a study to investigate the abnormality in domains of executive function like response inhibition and working memory to cognitive processes in BPD. For the study, 28 participants (BPD patients) were compared to controls (non-patients) on eight tasks. The tasks were embedded in reaction-time-decomposition approach for studying the impairments separately in different cognitive domains and its influence on executive functioning. The main findings illustrated that BPD patients performed tasks with accuracy as compared to control patients except for n-back tasks. The possible reason for this finding is that this task involves use of working memory and as a result, the error rates were high in BPD patients with shorter movement times as compared to controls. The processing was faster in BPD patients in regards to simplest tasks. Therefore, from this finding it can be concluded that BPD genesis is due to deficit in executive functioning domains. According to Bornovalova et al., (2013) there is causal association between emotional, sexual and physical abuse in childhood and BPD traits. Many children who were victims of physical, emotional or sexual abuse during their childhood and exposure to fear may experience symptoms of BPD in their adulthood. Uninformed or poor parenting also acts as environmental risk factors for the development of BPD in children. When children are exposed to repeated abuse such as environmental trauma can develop BPD. In the study, a longitudinal twin design was used and the results depicted that there is a relationship between BPD traits and childhood abuse stemming from genetic influences. However, the results are not consistent with childhood abuse and BPD genesis as it is suggested that during adulthood, BPD traits are better accounted by heritable vulnerabilities. A study conducted by Bohus et al., (2013) stated that there is a strong correlation between child sexual abuse and BPD development; however, causation is debated. The environment and family where a child grows greatly affect their personality as bad memories, unresolved fears and anger with disrupted thinking patterns can give lead to BPD. For the study, 74 female patients (childhood abuse with BPD) were randomized to 12-week residential treatment program of cognitive-behavioral therapy. The primary outcomes were reduction in BPD symptoms among treatment groups. From this finding, it is evident that childhood abuse is one of causes of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and BPD genesis. Although, childhood abuse is not the only reason for BPD development, however, emotional abuse is detrimental with trait vulnerabilities increasing the risk for BPD. Role of Psychologists in helping patients with Borderline Personality disorder Psychologists play an important role in the treatment of BPD as these specialists help in diagnosing and treating individuals suffering from this disorder. Psychologists help to understand the behavior of individuals ensuring their safety and management of problematic behaviors. They possess clinical skills that aid in helping them to deal effectively with their mental health issues of varying severity degrees. A combination of medication and counseling is effective along with psychotherapy where a psychologist use practical skills and learning strategies that might be helpful for the patient in relieving anger, anxiety, depression and relationships (Gunderson Sabo, 2013). From a psychological perspective, psychologists involve in a special psychotherapy called intense projection. In this method, psychologists are flexible as they consider negative attributions of the BPD patient instead of quick interpretation of the projection. Psychologists involve in psychological therapies where they engage with BPD patients and help them to manage their condition successfully. They also help BPD patients to recover from distressing symptoms so that they achieve psychosocial functioning to their best potential. They are focused on treating mental and emotional suffering in BPD patients with behavioral therapies and interventions (Gunderson Sabo, 2013). Another therapy is Schema-focused Therapy (SFT), an integrative therapeutic approach aimed at treating those patients who entrench self-identity and interpersonal difficulties in BPD. This theory emphasizes on the origin of psychological problems stemming from childhood and early maladaptive behavior during childhood contributes to abnormal cognitive and emotional patterns driven by schemas. BPD patients lack motivation and engagement and in such cases, psychologists help clients in enabling them to conceptualize and find explanations for their emotional distress, disturbing experiences and patterns in maladaptive behavior. Psychologists involve in emotional connectedness that can be helpful in making BPD patients feel valued, respected and convey care through empathetic communication (Sempertegui et al., 2014). Patients with BPD have difficulty in developing relationships that can act as a significant barrier to treatment. In such cases, psychologists pay attention to the ascertaining situations so that the patient agrees and accepts the treatment plan through alliance building. Psychotherapeutic approaches can also be helpful in the development of working alliance for treatment plan. The two main approaches in psychotherapy are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT). Psychologists who work with clients exhibiting BPD undertake this treatment. Mentalisation-based treatment can also be undertaken, although it is less common. Psychologists use variety of evidence-based practices like CBT, Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), Mindfulness, client-centered psychodynamic therapy and positive psychology (Linehan et al., 2015). CBT targets thinking related or cognitive, action-related or behavioral aspects of a particular mental health condition. Psychologists help in reducing symptoms by changing the way they think or interpret situations as well as actions that they take in their daily life. In CBT, psychologists extensively use DBT useful in reducing BPD where DBT comprises of group and individual therapy sessions focusing on behavioral skills. Psychologists focus on concepts of paying attention or mindfulness to present emotion. DBT teaches skills that help individuals to control intense emotions, managing stress, reduction of self-destructive behavior and improvement in relationships. Psychologists provide a way to solve problem that is used to treat BPD through individual therapy sessions, phone coaching and skill training in groups (Goodman et al., 2014). Mentalisation-based treatment is also a psychotherapy that focuses on CBT and psychodynamic approaches. MBT is talk therapy designed for BPD patients that enhance mentalization capacity that improves regulation and reduce the chances of self-harm, suicidality and in improving relationships. Through this procedure that includes individual treatment and group therapy, psychologist stimulate mentalizing and foster flexibility in their individual perspective taking. Psychologists encourage and regulate patients attachment with psychotherapist in creating attachment bonds with the group therapy (Bateman Fonagy, 2013). The above therapies are quite cost-effective and help to understand individual behavior and reason of conflict with others. Most importantly, MBT help in promoting ones ability to cope effectively with conflict that is a necessary way to correct interpersonal problems. Concisely, psychologists help BPD patients by making them understand their psychological and emotional difficulties and make life changes so that they lead a quality life. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that personal disorders exhibit abnormal behavior and require psychological interventions to deal with the conflicting situation. BPD is one of the personality disorders that exhibit key features of varying moods, behavior and self-image that result in impulsive problems and actions disrupting personal relationships. People with BPD many experience intense episodes of stress, anger, anxiety and depression with intense emotional trauma. The causes of BPD are a combination of genetic and environmental factors that play a role in the likelihood of BPD condition. Childhood trauma is another major cause of development of BPD where children exposed to trauma, neglect or abuse Psychologists play an important role in helping BPD patients through psychotherapy like DBT, MBT and CBT. Therefore, more research is required that focus on BPD with effective understanding of causes, treatment and nature of this disorder being the ultimate hope for futur e. References Amad, A., Ramoz, N., Thomas, P., Jardri, R., Gorwood, P. (2014). Genetics of borderline personality disorder: systematic review and proposal of an integrative model.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,40, 6-19. American Psychiatric Association. (2013).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Pub. Anderson, J., Snider, S., Sellbom, M., Krueger, R., Hopwood, C. (2014). A comparison of the DSM-5 Section II and Section III personality disorder structures.Psychiatry Research,216(3), 363-372. Bateman, A., Fonagy, P. (2013). Impact of clinical severity on outcomes of mentalisation-based treatment for borderline personality disorder.The British Journal of Psychiatry,203(3), 221-227. Bohus, M., Dyer, A. S., Priebe, K., Krger, A., Kleindienst, N., Schmahl, C., ... Steil, R. (2013). Dialectical behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder after childhood sexual abuse in patients with and without borderline personality disorder: a randomised controlled trial.Psychotherapy and psychosomatics,82(4), 221-233. Bornovalova, M. A., Huibregtse, B. M., Hicks, B. M., Keyes, M., McGue, M., Iacono, W. (2013). Tests of a direct effect of childhood abuse on adult borderline personality disorder traits: a longitudinal discordant twin design.Journal of abnormal psychology,122(1), 180. Goodman, M., Carpenter, D., Tang, C. Y., Goldstein, K. E., Avedon, J., Fernandez, N., ... Siever, L. J. (2014). Dialectical behavior therapy alters emotion regulation and amygdala activity in patients with borderline personality disorder.Journal of Psychiatric Research,57, 108-116. Gunderson, J. G., Sabo, A. N. (2013). The phenomenological and conceptual interface between borderline personality disorder and PTSD.Personality and Personality Disorders: The Science of Mental Health,7, 49. Gunderson, J. G., Weinberg, I., Choi-Kain, L. (2013). Borderline personality disorder.Focus,11(2), 129-145. Hagenhoff, M., Franzen, N., Koppe, G., Baer, N., Scheibel, N., Sammer, G., ... Lis, S. (2013). Executive functions in borderline personality disorder.Psychiatry research,210(1), 224-231. Linehan, M. M., Korslund, K. E., Harned, M. S., Gallop, R. J., Lungu, A., Neacsiu, A. D., ... Murray-Gregory, A. M. (2015). Dialectical behavior therapy for high suicide risk in individuals with borderline personality disorder: a randomized clinical trial and component analysis.JAMA psychiatry,72(5), 475-482. Morey, L. C., Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M. (2014). Clinician judgments of clinical utility: A comparison of DSM-IV-TR personality disorders and the alternative model for DSM-5 personality disorders.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,123(2), 398. Sellbom, M., Sansone, R. A., Songer, D. A., Anderson, J. L. (2014). Convergence between DSM-5 Section II and Section III diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder.Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,48(4), 325-332. Sempertegui, G. A., Karreman, A., Arntz, A., Bekker, M. H. (2013). Schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: A comprehensive review of its empirical foundations, effectiveness and implementation possibilities.Clinical psychology review,33(3), 426-447. Soloff, P. H., Chiappetta, L., Mason, N. S., Becker, C., Price, J. C. (2014). Effects of serotonin-2A receptor binding and gender on personality traits and suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder.Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging,222(3), 140-148. Stepp, S. D., Burke, J. D., Hipwell, A. E., Loeber, R. (2012). Trajectories of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms as precursors of borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescent girls.Journal of abnormal child psychology,40(1), 7-20. Tyrer, P., Reed, G. M., Crawford, M. J. (2015). Classification, assessment, prevalence, and effect of personality disorder.The Lancet,385(9969), 717-726.

The Correlation Between Chinese History And Beliefs Essays

The Correlation Between Chinese History And Beliefs The Correlation Between Chinese History And Beliefs The numerous cultures of Mainland China are both intricate with their systems of deities and traditions, and yet humble with their ways of life and survival. China is located in the midst of high lands, plateaus, canyons and numerous river systems. In coinciding with the difficult landscapes in which they live, the Chinese people have managed to generally abide by the natural protocols of the land. Throughout their approximately five thousand years of civilization the Chinese have concocted many traditions which are based upon their thriving in their environment. These traditions are what produce the intricate social structures of most of China. Every aspect of the Chinese culture is interrelated and therefore necessary for the continuance of the civilization. These qualities are what have confirmed China as not only a grand civilization but also one of great integrity. The area in which China is contained is within the continent of Asia surrounded by the countries of Mongolia, Myanmar, India, Bangladesh, Kazakhstan, and both North and South Korea. With these various surrounding civilizations China has been susceptible to multiple altercations with encroaching empires and inflictions from outside cultures. Most disputes were over jealousy fueled by the captivating land in which China is located. However, the Chinese people, in accordance with their cultural beliefs, felt it dishonorable to claim ownership of any parcel of land. The Chinese people carry much pride for their vast existence as a mainly undivided civilization. However, their earliest of history was not thoroughly documented until the Qin dynasty (approximately 200 B.C.E.) Before that specific era Chinese history was preserved through stories by mouth rather than by quill. Though it is impossible to be assured of the validity of any oral tradition the Chinese people still regard them as written history. Many of the beliefs in current Chinese culture still heavily rely on the precepts of these stories as their basis. The unwritten history of China began nearly five thousand years ago with two rulers of primordial Asia. The first of the rulers was known as Huang Di, also referred to as the Yellow Emperor, and ruled part of the Yellow River Valley of central Asia. The second of rulers was known as Yan Di, often referred to as the Fiery Emperor, to whom an unknown area of outer Asia had belonged. The importance of these two rulers is said to be in cause of their extensive attributes to early civilization in China. The invention of the cart, the boat, clothes, script and medicine is attributed to the genius of Huang Di. Whereas the necessity of cultivating the land through the use of a plow is attributed to Yan Di. `Perhaps, hundreds of years thereafter the attributions of Huang Di and Yan Di, the leaders known as Yao, Shun and Yu had led the people one after another. Yu was a prestigious and popular leader who supposedly gained the respect of his followers by taming two flooding rivers by redirecting their currents towards the sea. Upon the death of Yu his son, Qi. had succeeded as ruler. With this first exchange in rule the first dynasty in Chinese history had been founded. It was called the Xia dynasty. With the establishment of its first dynasty China had been transformed from a primitive society, consisting of no family structure, private property, or class distinction, to a society based mainly on family and private ownership. Little is known about the Xia dynasty except for that it had lasted four hundred years and was ultimately overthrown by the Shang,a state that was east of the Chinese establishment. All history before the Shang dynasty is largely legendary with very little or no material evidence of neither the Xia dynasty nor the rulers Yu, Huang Di or Yao Di. However, the Shang dynasty is assured to have existed in some manner as it is proven by numerous burial chambers and oracle bones unearthed one-hundred years ago in Anyang County, Henan Province. Anyang is believed to be one of the various capitals during the Shang Dynasty. The nearly one hundred thousand bones with nearly three thousand different ideograms on them concluded this assessment.

Ethnography of Thailand

Ethnography of Thailand Subjects involved in Study The subjects involved in this study are Martin Gutierrez, a first generation immigrant from the Philippines who I met at the local Starbucks while the other is Kelly Twatwanaphong, also a first generation immigrant from Thailand who I met at a small local bookstore. It must be noted that the families of both Martin and Kelly hail from South East Asia and as such there should be a certain degree of cultural similarity which should manifest itself in the type of food eaten. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Ethnography of Thailand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More My research into the types of food eaten within South East Asia reveals that rice consumption factors heavily into their diet along with seafood and vegetables (Mittal, 1999). Meat and chicken, while evident in plenty of Thai and Filipino dishes, is not considered a main part of their average meal as compared to other cultures such a s those within the U.S., Canada and the U.K. In fact based on my research I can say that western cultures apparently have a greater predilection towards meals that are heavy on protein while Eastern cultures such as those in China and the South East Asia region have meals which are more inclined towards greater portions of carbohydrates (Roy, 2011). In terms of differences in ethnicity, my research into ethnic differences between Filipinos and Thai reveal that both races are actually quite similar in terms of ethnic origin with various theories stating that it was the same proto-culture with varying degrees of migration that created the individual cultures we see in the South East Asian region today (Bentley, 1986). Evidence of this comes from similarities in language tenses, verb usage, as well as genetic, physical and social similarities. What occurred during the interviews Overall, the interviews occurred in the homes of the subjects for this study with some of their relatives ( mother, father, aunts etc.) providing details when necessary. The interview process went rather well with no problems whatsoever. In fact I found both groups rather inviting, which based on research into Asian customs, turns out to be a cultural predilection towards treating guests with respect, patience and great hospitality. Observations at Site When examining the kitchens of the Gutierrez and Twatwanaphong family, both of them looked modern enough yet each of them had baskets of garlic and onions located near the area where they prepare food. Upon asking them why there were garlic and onions located in baskets instead of in the refrigerator they actually responded similarly as well indicating that garlic and onions were the initial ingredients for most of the dishes they prepare. There really werent any differences between their kitchen and that of the average home aside from that. When I asked who prepares most of the meals both groups also explained that it was usually the moth er that prepared the meals. It is at this point that I would like to indicate that this similarity in both ingredients used and who usually makes them is due to the geographical location of both countries (as I mentioned earlier) in which many of the cultures within the region share numerous similar predilections resulting in a distinct overlap in habits, methods of food preparation and social traits.Advertising Looking for report on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What did the family eat yesterday? When I asked what either family ate the other day the Gutierrez family responded by saying that they ate pork adobo with rice while the Twatwanaphong family had stir friend vegetables mixed with beef strips with rice as well. Is this the same thing they always eat? Actually, when I asked them if this was what they usually ate both families responded by stating that they normally eat a lot of American food (p izza, burgers etc.) as opposed to more traditional dishes. When I asked them why, they gave a rather interesting answer, as it turns out the convenience of American food just makes it far easier to eat as compared to the preparation time it takes for other forms of traditional food. It isnt that either family had lost their traditional roots so to speak but rather due to the fact that most of them are rather busy it was just simpler to have fast food as compared to having to take the time to prepare a traditional Filipino or Thai dish. Traditional Ethnic Dishes Eaten on a weekly basis Gutierrez Family Beef Tapa Pork Adobo Beef Steak Tagalog Minudo Sinigang Twatwanaphong Family Stir fried beef and vegetables Prawn Pad Thai Thai Red Curry Chicken Thai Pork Curry (milder than the red chicken curry) Dishes The Filipino dish Pork Adobo It consists of pork cut into cubes and placed into a pot with the skin and fat of the pig remaining on the pork pieces to add flavor to the sauce. Cu t garlic is added in along with half a cup of soy sauce and vinegar as well as oil. A little bit of pepper, some salt and sugar and afterwards the entire mixture is placed on a stove to cook. Thai stir fried vegetables and beef Consists of cut strips of red and green bell peppers, broccoli, Chinese lettuce, sliced carrots, and a lot of chili peppers. What is first added is diced garlic and onions to some simmering oil. Afterwards, the beef is added in, after allowing it to cook for a little bit soy sauce is added in along with a little bit of oyster sauce. Afterwards a spicy garlic paste and salt are added into the mixture. Once the beef is nearly cooked a lot of chili peppers are added in to give the dish its distinctive spiciness. When the beef is cooked the sliced vegetables are added in and are halfway cooked in order to give them a distinctive crunchiness. Similar Spices Used As mentioned earlier both ethnic groups prominently use garlic and onions in a variety of their dishes as well as ginger however the one spice that differs between Filipino food and Thai food is that Filipinos generally use pepper while Thai food apparently uses a lot of chili’s of varying types in order to add a lot of heat to the food. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Ethnography of Thailand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact this is where most Thai and Filipino dishes differ in that Thai dishes are generally hotter due to the presence of large quantities of chili’s while Filipino dishes are generally somewhat salty or sweet. Healthiness of the dishes When examining the dishes that were served it was immediately apparent that the Thai dish was healthier than the Filipino dish. Pork adobo had far higher quantities of fat and salt as compared to the stir fried vegetables and beef and as such can be considered rather unhealthy. In fact based on my research regarding the high quantities of chili peppers in Thai dishes a chemical called capsicum which is present in all peppers which gives them their distinctive heat is actually beneficial for the body since it helps to lower blood pressure and cholesterol. On the other hand the Filipino dish would most likely increase a persons cholesterol levels due to the sheer amount of fat present. Shopping for Ingredients When I asked the homemakers of both families whether they shopped at certain specialty stores in order to get the ingredients they use it was rather surprising that they said that most of the ingredient that go into the dishes they make can actually be found at local supermarkets with the exception of the chili garlic paste that the Twatwanaphong family uses. As it turns out both familys had to change some aspects of their cooking when they migrated and as such the dishes that they make now are a combination of traditional recipes with certain alternative ingredients being used when necessary. Similarities and Differe nces When examining both ethnic groups I have to say that there are more similarities than there are differences between them. In fact when I heard both families speak in their native tongue there were some words that were similar and as such is indicative of a common cultural ancestry somewhere down the line. On the other hand there is a distinct difference in the types of foods made with Filipino cuisine utilizing more salt and oil while Thai cuisine utilizes more chili peppers and is somewhat less salty. On the other hand it must be noted that the diet of either ethnic group when compared to the typical American diet is far healthier in comparison due to its focus on seafood, vegetables and healthy carbohydrates as compared to an American diet that is heavy on fat, empty calories and sugars.Advertising Looking for report on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Bentley, G. (1986). Ethnohistory, 33(1), 97. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Mittal, A. (1999). Behind Indonesias Hunger Myth. Earth Island Journal, 14(4), 32. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. ROY, P. (2011). Easy, crowd- pleasing Thai. Ottawa at Home, 41. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Enterprise Reporting and News Stories

Enterprise Reporting and News Stories To a good reporter, many stories are obviously important to cover – a house fire, a homicide, an election, a new state budget. But what about those slow news days when breaking news is sparse and there aren’t any interesting press releases worth checking out? Those are the days when good reporters are working on what they call â€Å"enterprise stories.† They’re the kind of stories that many reporters find the most rewarding to do. What Is Enterprise Reporting? Enterprise reporting involves stories not based on press releases or news conferences. Instead, enterprise reporting is all about the stories a reporter digs up on his or her own, what many people call â€Å"scoops.† Enterprise reporting goes beyond merely covering events. It explores the forces shaping those events. For instance, we’ve all heard stories about recalls of faulty and possibly dangerous products related to children like cribs, toys and car seats. But when a team of reporters at the Chicago Tribune looked into such recalls they discovered a pattern of inadequate governmental regulation of such items. Likewise, New York Times reporter Clifford J. Levy did a series of investigative stories that uncovered widespread abuse of mentally ill adults in state-regulated homes. Both the Tribune and Times projects won Pulitzer prizes. Finding Ideas for Enterprise Stories So how can you develop your own enterprise stories? Most reporters will tell you that uncovering such stories involves two key journalistic skills: observation and investigation. Observation Observation, obviously, involves seeing the world around you. But while we all observe things, reporters take observation one step further by using their observations to generate story ideas. In other words, a reporter who sees something interesting almost invariably asks himself, â€Å"could this be a story?† Let’s say you stop at a gas station to fill up your tank. You see the price of a gallon of gas has risen again. Most of us would grumble about it, but a reporter might ask, â€Å"Why is the price rising?† Here’s an even more mundane example: You’re in the grocery store and notice that the background music has changed. The store used to play the kind of sleepy orchestral stuff that probably no one under 70 would enjoy. Now the store is playing pop tunes from the 1980s and 1990s. Again, most of us would take little notice of this, but a good reporter would ask, â€Å"Why did they change the music?† Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes, and Trends Notice that both examples involve changes – in the price of gas, in the background music played. Changes are something reporters always look for. A change, after all, is something new, and new developments are what reporters write about. Enterprise reporters also look for changes that occur over time - trends, in other words. Discovering a trend is often a great way to start an enterprise story. Why Ask Why? You’ll notice that both examples involve the reporter asking â€Å"why† something was happening. â€Å"Why† is probably the most important word in any reporter’s vocabulary. A reporter who asks why something is happening is beginning the next step of enterprise reporting: investigation. Investigation Investigation is really just a fancy word for reporting. It involves doing the interviews and digging up the information to develop an enterprise story. An enterprise reporter’s first task is to do some initial reporting to see if there really is an interesting story to be written about (not all interesting observations turn out to be interesting news stories.) The next step is to gather the material needed to produce a solid story. So the reporter investigating the rise in gas prices might discover that a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico has slowed oil production, causing the price spike. And the reporter probing the changing background music might find that it’s all about the fact that the big grocery shoppers these days – parents with growing kids – came of age in the 1980s and 1990s and want to hear music that was popular in their youth. Example: A Story About Underage Drinking Lets take one more example, this one involving a trend. Lets say youre the police reporter in your hometown. Every day youre in police headquarters, checking the arrest log. Over a period of several months, you notice a spike in arrests for underage drinking among students from the local high school. You interview the cops to see if beefed-up enforcement is responsible for the increase. They say no. So you interview the principal of the high school as well as teachers and counselors. You also talk to students and parents and discover that, for a variety of reasons, underage drinking is increasing. So you write a story about the problems of underage drinking and how its on the rise in your hometown. What youve produced is an enterprise story, one not based on a press release or a news conference, but on your own observation and investigation. Enterprise reporting can encompass everything from feature stories (the one about changing background music would probably fit that category) to more serious investigative pieces, like the ones cited above by the Tribune and Times.

Crisis Mapping Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crisis Mapping - Research Paper Example ans then use this information to determine localities where their help is needed (Goolsby, Social media as crisis platform: The future of community maps/crisis maps.). In the year 2011, East Japan experienced an earthquake and Tsunami, which claimed many live, destroyed properties and disabled others. It was a situation, which needed humanitarian assistances (Goolsby and Gao). The openstreemap community launched a crisis map hours after the disaster occurred. The humanitarian team was able to identify areas facing particular types of problems and respond appropriately. The Ushahidi project, enabled by Google maps, facilitated real time distress calls and, therefore, was an invaluable resource for humanitarians. The earthquake, which struck the Christ church in New Zealand in 2010, is another disaster occurrence whose situation eased by the help of crisis mapping (Munro and Meier). Given the loss of lives and injuries experienced by the victims, Crowd source, crisis map provided by Google maps and Ushahidi acted in helping organizations and local people to identify people who needed help. The Libya crisis map project was as a response to the U.N’s request, which was in a bid to ease coordination of the required humanitarian affairs. Although the crisis map operated on a delayed 24 hours for information security purposes, it was able to update on evacuation, refugee’s movements, street fights, and military actions (Christopher). The information enabled for appropriate reaction by volunteers in helping the victims. Conclusively, Crisis mapping has helped in disaster management in the most convenient

THE GLOBAL CAR INDUSTRY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

THE GLOBAL CAR INDUSTRY - Essay Example A major change in the iron and steel industry will make great changes in the prices of cars. The market is greatly impacted by the reputation and quality of the product. A car company with good reputation that provides higher quality products and good after sales service will definitely capture more markets. But above all the primary factor that drives the industry is the usage of latest technology for the product as well as for production. This report studies clearly the competitive position of the car market. The report is based on Daimler Chrysler, one of the biggest car makers of the world. The company has its presence in almost all parts of the world either through production plants or through distribution channels. The company has many competitors which are equally potential and competitive to Daimler Chrysler. Therefore, the company is running through a highly competitive environment and is in a process of framing new strategies for its betterment. The report critically analyses the current position of the company as a car manufacturer. The current strategies of the company and its future plans are also referred in the report. The industry is highly influenced by the economic condition of the country. Daimler Chrysler was founded in the year 1998 by the merger of two old and giant company’s Daimler Benz of Germany and Chrysler Corporation of US. German based Daimler Benz has been in the industry since 1926. US based Chrysler Corporation was formed in the year 1925. Daimler Chrysler is one of the leading manufacturers and distributors of passenger cars and commercial vehicles in the world. â€Å"Today, the company is a leading supplier of premium passenger cars as well as the world‘s largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles† (Corporate Profile-overview. 2008). The company operates in the various sectors of automobiles through its various brands. The different brands of the company

Research Method in Biological Level of Analysis Psychology Essay Example for Free

Research Method in Biological Level of Analysis Psychology Essay Examine the use of one research method used in the biological level of analysis, including an evaluation of the ethical considerations related to them. The case studies method consists in taking a patient personal history in order to take a diagnosis. It is usually applied in persons that have abnormal characteristics in behaviour, at biological or at cognitive level; it can also be applied to a group of people that are under the same situation. Case study is a long-term research where the patient or the group of people are studied to get into a conclusion. This type of study investigates and recollects qualitative data, such as feelings and experiences. At the same time it also includes quantitative data of measurements such as blood testing, IQ scores and other survey data. An example of case-study method is the Phineas Gage research. Phineas was the man who had an accident and a metal pole entered through its skull. It entered through his left cheek and exited through its frontal lobe. There were many factors that made of this situation really abnormal. Just after the accident Phineas was awake. He lost the vision in his left eye, but in his right eye the vision was perfect. Besides he didn’t suffer any paralysis and had no difficulty with speech or language. However, the doctor noted that his intellectual abilities and his emotional control had been destroyed. Gage had become impatient, indulgent and though he made plans for hi future he could never follow them. He could be described as a child. According to the long-term case study, his frontal lobe provided evidence that the brain affects personality and social behaviour. This is a really important research because it presents one of the biological level of analysis, the one that refers there are biological correlates of behaviour. Here we can see how damaged physiological factor can affect behaviour. Besides it shows us how case studies are really useful, because not all changes in behaviour happen from one day to another. As this study evidenced the process in which the behaviour starts to see affected is a long-term process. Case studies of the brain-damaged patients have led to important findings about the brain. According to the ethics in this type of research, probably there are more negative facts tan positive facts. Case studies researches are not ethical because the patient is treated, observed and examined like it is a completely different person compared to the others. Besides it can invade your personal spaces and take you away some privacy. The researcher gets to know deeply personal information fro the patient, which is not usually shared with other people. Besides, some of this information may be published or at least written up as a research report, in order to be used in a future as valid information in researches, etc. That’s why the identity of the person should be always protected; the researcher needs to cover all the details that could lead others to work out the individual’s identity. In the case of Phineas Gage most of this ethical considerations weren’t taked into count. They didn’t covered up his identity, beside they go into details of his personal life. In conclusion the case studies are really important because are the ones that lead us to conclusions about real life issues and particular problems. The researches done by this method are really accurate and play a really important role in psychology biological level of analysis.

Pygmalion Essays -- Essays Papers

Pygmalion An interpretation of Class Relations in Pygmalion In Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion, there is a distinct variance in class relations and the way that early 20th century Britains were perceived as being different by their speech, money, wealth, style, manners, and appearance. Being a lady or a gentleman was an acquired status desirable among most of London’s society. However, in Pygmalion, Shaw tells a story about the transition of a homeless young woman with the aspiration to become a respected lady. Eliza Doolittle is an 18 or 19 year-old young women, making a living from selling old flowers on the streets. When she comes across a rude Professor, named Henry Higgins, he sarcastically offers her to â€Å"learn how to speak beautifully, like a lady in a florist’s shop†¦..at the end of six months you shall go to Buckingham palace in a carriage, beautifully dressed.† This is what he proposes to Eliza when she comes to ask for English lessons from the Professor. He then makes a bet with another man, Colonel Pickering, who says he will pay for her new clothes and English lessons, if Higgins can make a lady out of her in six months. The deal is made, and Eliza is immediately washed up and put into new, clean clothes. The play begins like this, which sets the plot for the rest of the story. An example of modern day class relations with speech can be described by linguistic anthropologists, and in an article called â€Å"Suite for Ebony and Phonics† by John R. Rickford. In this article, he discusses the African-American speech Ebonics, and the negative impact it has across America. Being called â€Å"lazy English,† â€Å"bastardized English,† and â€Å"poor grammar,† it seems to be the same thing that was going on in England during the time Pygmalion was written. I’m sure that if we were to ask Henry Higgins if that is what he thought about the way Eliza spoke he would whole-heartedly agree. However, the poor English that Eliza spoke was never considered as becoming a legal language in England. The play begins off on a rainy night on the streets, with a lady and her daughter waiting for a cab. In this first act, Eliza asks them to buy a flower from her, with the response from the daughter, â€Å"Do nothing of the sort, mother. The idea!† When the mother gives her some change, the daughter again exclaims, â€Å"Make her give you the change. These things are only a penny a bunch ... ...he rats. Aristocrats ran society, and they had no need for the homeless and poor. In relating this subject to anthropology, there are a lot of points that can be made between the comparison of class relations and other issues similar to it. The study of Ebonics is a very good comparison to Pygmalion, and the way that someone speaks can effect how other people view them. Even though some think it is not an issue today, it can still be compared to early 20th century England and the way upper class looked down upon others. In the same way, many people do look down upon people speaking the too familiar sound of Ebonics. Works Cited McIntosh, Peggy. â€Å"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack.† Applying Anthropology. Aaron Podelefsky and Peter J. Brown. California: Mayfield. 217-220. Nagengast, Carole. â€Å"Women, Minorities, and Indigenous Peoples: Universalism and Cultural Relativity.† Applying Anthropology. Aaron Podelefsky and Peter J. Brown. California: Mayfield. 340-352. Rickford, John R.. â€Å"Suite for Ebony and Phonics.† Applying Anthropology. Aaron Podelefsky and Peter J. Brown. California: Mayfield. 176-180. Shaw, Bernard. Pygmalion. England: Penguin, 1913.

Children Behavior Worse Than 10 Years Ago Essay

Children Behavior Worse Than 10 Years Ago It is evident that child behavior today is worse than ten years ago. There is a tendency for children today to be more aggressive than ever before. The media is extensive with reports of children doing drugs and exhibiting violent behavior. Girls are indulging in premarital and/or unprotected sex at an early age (The consequence has been increased rate in illegal abortions-some of which have resulted in deaths). At such an early age as 15 girls are sexually active. In essence children are less disciplined today than they were ten years ago. There are number of reasons for the decline in children’s discipline, but one of them stands out, and it might even be at the heart of all the others: laxity on the part of parents. Parental laxity has swung open the floodgates harmful factors which have in effect compromised children’s sense of morality and discipline. By reneging on their responsibilities, parents have denigrated the significance of the family as the source of primary socialization (Schultz, 2012). Sociologists profess that behavior is learnt through a process known as socialization (Schultz, 2012). Primary socialization, as differentiated from secondary socialization, occurs during the formative years of a child (Schultz, 2012). It takes place through the child observing and learning from those around him. Through this process a child is taught the type of behavior which elicits approval or disapproval from the people around them, usually the immediate family members (Schultz, 2012). It is therefore important that at an early age a child observes and learns the right things, preferably from their family members (Richardson, n.d). Unfortunately, parents have not been there to accomplish this process (Schultz, 2012). More over, the institution of the family in the US has been under siege (Schultz, 2012). Children are being brought up in broken families; or they are forced to go through the agonies of living apart from either of their parents (Schultz, 2012). In sum, parents have not been there to give their children the attention and guidance they need. Parents have not prepared their children on how to deal with the manner in which society today has been questioning authority. True, at the heart of this is a clarion call for â€Å"personal independence† which has become rampant in the public domain (Children, n.d). And yes, as experts assert, these behaviors are, in part, a â€Å"reflection of our own changing view of authority and authority figures† (Children, n.d.). Indeed, the manner in  which people have questioned the motives of the lawyers, bankers, politicians has been so unprecedented when compared to the way parents did ten or so years ago (Children, n.d). The Generation Y needs to be taught on how to be â€Å"Generation Why?† without being disrespectful (Children, n.d). The schools, on which parents have entrusted the responsibility of nurturing their children, have done nothing but to sharpen the children’s intellectual acumen (Schultz, 2012). The schools have not been very good at shaping the children’s moral character. The teachers assume that children are taught such things as table manners, good neighborhood at their respective homes (Schultz, 2012). Indeed, children’s bad behavior has made teaching such an arduous job (Schultz, 2012). Most teachers agree that â€Å"the number of problem children has increased in recent decades, and the problems are showing up in increasingly younger children, making teaching a tougher job† (Schultz, 2012). The children are not learning well; they are inappropriate language and are not following direction (Schultz, 2012). Instead of schools nurturing the behaviors of children they have been telling parents to â€Å"talk to [their] child[ren] every day †¦ Encourage [their] child [ren] to tell [them] if they have had any issues with other children† (Schultz, 2012). Even as the parents have taken a backseat in matters concerning the upbringing of their children, the media has rushed in to fill this vacuum. Today, most young people have, as their role models, movie superstars, rappers, divas and many other media personalities (The Australian Psychology Society, n.d.). Children adore this people, and would do or say just anything as these people do (The Australian Psychology Society, n.d). Most of these media content are violent or sexually explicit (The Australian Psychology Society, n.d.). The problem is that even if these people really cared about the impact their activities have on children there is nothing much they can do-they are out to make money (The Australian Psychology Society, n.d). Most movies today are rife with violent and sexual overtones (The Australian Psychology Society, n.d). Violent media has been known to have adverse effects on child behavior (The Australian Psychology Society, n.d; Center on Media and Child Health). Prolonged exposure to violent television is one of the factors which results into children displaying aggressive behavior-this is the case for both the short-term and long-term (The Australian Psychological Society, n.d). Indeed, some children do  develop an appetite for viewing violent material (The Australian Psychological Society, n.d; Center on Media and Child Health, 2005; Richardson, n.d).Movie creators have argued, and rightly so, that their work is to tell things as they are: to reflect reality. It is not their work to inspire young people, or create work pieces that are less harmful to them. However, the general cause of this problem is parental laxity. Thus, there is a need for parents to recoup their lost glory as the keepers of discipline and children’s mentors. The parents’ roles of disciplining and mentoring children can, and should, never be delegated to any other person. Indeed, recent attempts by parents to delegate these obligations to schools have been nothing but disastrous. As a result children today are worse than they were ten years ago. By reneging on their responsibilities parents have exposed their children to a number of whimsical factors, some of which have been explicitly risky. Parental negligence has, first and foremost, had a lasting the effect on the institution of the family as the source of primary socialization. For long, immediate members of the family have been instrumental in the socialization process of a child as he or she grows up. This, unfortunately, is no longer the case as this role has been given to the schools, and where the schools have not been effective, the media has filled the vacuum. Most children today seek inspiration not from their parents but such media personalities as popular athletes, pop idols such as rappers, politicians and divas. Unfortunately, most media personalities are not very keen on being role models for children but on make a living. The schools on the other end have not done better. While most parents entrust their children’s upbringing on the schools, the schools have tended to throw the burden back to the parents. The schools have insisted that their overarching objective is not to mold children’s character but to help them attain high test scores and get good grades. Finally, there have been no efforts by the parents, or even the society, to remind the children that, as much as it is adorable to attain some personal independence, this is not possible without the involvement of their parents and the society at large. Center on Media and Child Health. (2005). The Effects of Electronic Media on Children Ages Zero to Six: A History of Research. Retrieved from http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/the-effects-of-electronic-media-on-childre

Great Gatsby Social Analisys

East Egg and West Egg are both enormously wealthy suburbs of New York City, located on Long Island where they face the ocean. East Egg is the home of those people who enjoy the highest social prestige, as well as their money. Their fortunes have been inherited and their roots run deep in American society. Theirs is â€Å"old money. † The East Eggers place great value on tradition, family background, social convention, and manners, and they look with contempt upon others who were not born to their kind of wealth. The Buchanans live in East Egg. Tom and Daisy are example of the old money and social snobbery of East Egg. Those who live in West Egg, like Gatsby, are also very wealthy, but they are the social newcomers who have made their money through commerce (legal or otherwise). They lack the sense of entitlement found among the East Eggers, and they are not â€Å"refined† or â€Å"polished† in their manners. Gatsby represents this social class. He owns a mansion and dresses well, but he lacks the background of an old and well established family. He is uneducated. He has a great deal of money, but he displays it very conspicuously–a sign of terrible taste to someone like Tom Buchanan. By developing the social differences between East Egg and West Egg, Fitzgerald develops one the novel's themes. No matter how wealthy Gatsby might become, he would never belong to the Buchanan’s' upper social class because he was not born into it. He would always be an outsider.

Ethics In Business Essays - Ethics, Applied Ethics, Business Ethics

Ethics In Business Essays - Ethics, Applied Ethics, Business Ethics Ethics in Business From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldnt distinguish which parts they were to test under government ezdards and commercial ezdards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employees is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is the duress or threats that an employee might suffer if they do not follow through with their assignment. After the bogus testing was completed in the National Semiconductor labs, the documentation department also had to falsify documents stating that the parts had surpassed the governmental testing ezdards. From a legal and ethical ezdpoint, both the testers and the writers of the reports were merely acting as agents on direct orders from a superior. This was also the case when the plant in Singapore refused to falsify the documents and were later falsified by the employees at the have California plant before being submitted to the approval committees (Velazquez, 53). The writers of the reports were well aware of the situation yet they acted in this manner on the instruction of a supervisor. Acting in an ethical manner becomes a secondary priority in this type of environment. As stated by Alan Reder, . . . if they [the employees] feel they will suffer retribution, if they report a problem, they arent too likely to open their mouths. (113). The workers knew that if the reports were not falsified they would come under questioning and perhaps their employment would go into jeopardy. Although working under these conditions does not fully excuse an employees from moral fault, it does start the divulging process for determining the order of the chain of command of superiors and it helps to narrow down the person or department that issued the original request for the unethical acts. The third mitigating factor is one that perhaps encompasses the majority of the employees in the National Semiconductor case. We have to balance the direct involvement that each employee had with the defective parts. Thus, it has to be made clear that many of the employees did not have a direct duty with the testing departments or with the parts that eventually failed. Even employees, or sub-contractors, that were directly involved with the production were not aware of the incompetence on the part of the testing department. For example, the electrical engineer that designed the defective computer chip could act in good faith that it would be tested to ensure that it did indeed meet the required government endurance tests. Also, for the employees that handled the part after the testing process, they were dealing with what they believed

The Invention of Paper

The Invention of Paper Try to imagine life without paper. Even in the era of emails and digital books, paper is all around us. Paper is in shopping bags, money, store receipts, cereal boxes, and toilet paper. We use paper in so many ways every day. So, where did this marvelously versatile material come from? According to ancient Chinese historical sources, a court eunuch named Tsai Lun (or Cai Lun) presented the newly-invented paper to the Emperor Hedi of the Eastern Han Dynasty in 105 CE. The historian Fan Hua (398-445 CE) recorded this version of events, but archaeological finds from western China and Tibet suggest that paper was invented centuries earlier. Samples of even more ancient paper, some of it dating to c. 200 BCE, have been unearthed in the ancient Silk Road cities of Dunhuang and Khotan, and in Tibet. The dry climate in these places allowed the paper to survive for up to 2,000 years without entirely decomposing. Amazingly, some of this paper even has ink marks on it, proving that ink was invented much earlier than historians had supposed. Writing Materials Before  Paper Of course, people in various places around the world were writing long before the invention of paper. Materials such as bark, silk, wood, and leather functioned in a similar way to paper, although they were either much more expensive or heavier. In China, many early works were recorded on long bamboo strips, which were then bound with leather straps or string into books. People world-wide also carved very important notations into stone or bone, or pressed stamps into wet clay and then dried or fired the tablets to preserve their words. However, writing (and later printing) required a material that was both cheap and lightweight to become truly ubiquitous. Paper fit the bill perfectly. Chinese Paper-Making Early paper-makers in China used hemp fibers, which were soaked in water and pounded with a large wooden mallet. The resulting slurry was then poured over a horizontal mold; loosely-woven cloth stretched over a framework of bamboo allowed the water to drip out the bottom or evaporate, leaving behind a flat sheet of dry hemp-fiber paper. Over time, paper-makers began to use other materials in their product, including bamboo, mulberry and different types of tree bark. They dyed paper for official records with a yellow substance, the imperial color, which had the added benefit of repelling insects that might have destroyed the paper otherwise. One of the most common formats for early paper was the scroll. A few long pieces of paper were pasted together to form a strip, which was then wrapped around a wooden roller. The other end of the paper was attached to a thin wooden dowel, with a piece of silk cord in the middle to tie the scroll shut. The Spread of Paper-Making From its point of origin in China, the idea and technology of paper-making spread throughout Asia. In the 500s CE, artisans on the Korean Peninsula began to make paper using many of the same materials as Chinese paper-makers. The Koreans also used rice straw and seaweed, expanding the types of fiber available for paper production. This early adoption of paper fueled the Korean innovations in printing, as well. Metal movable type was invented by 1234 CE on the peninsula. Around 610 CE, according to legend, the Korean Buddhist monk Don-Cho introduced paper-making to the court of Emperor Kotoku in Japan. Paper-making technology also spread west through Tibet and then south into India. Paper Reaches the Middle East and Europe In 751 CE, the armies of Tang China and the ever-expanding Arab Abbasid Empire clashed in the Battle of Talas River, in what is now Kyrgyzstan. One of the most interesting repercussions of this Arab victory was that the Abbasids captured Chinese artisans, including master paper-makers like Tou Houan, and took them back to the Middle East. At that time, the Abbasid Empire stretched from Spain and Portugal in the west through North Africa to Central Asia in the east, so knowledge of this marvelous new material spread far and wide. Before long, cities from Samarkand (now in Uzbekistan) to Damascus and Cairo had become centers of paper production. In 1120, the Moors established Europes first paper mill at Valencia, Spain (then called Xativa). From there, this Chinese invention passed to Italy, Germany, and other parts of Europe. Paper helped spread knowledge, much of which was gleaned from the great Asian culture centers along the Silk Road, that enabled Europes High Middle Ages. Manifold Uses Meanwhile, in East Asia, paper was used for an enormous number of purposes. Combined with varnish, it became beautiful lacquer-ware storage vessels and furniture. In Japan, the walls of homes were often made of rice-paper. Besides paintings and books, paper was made into fans, umbrellas, even highly effective armor. Paper truly is one of the most wonderful Asian inventions of all time.

Double Consciousness and Triple Person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Double Consciousness and Triple Person - Essay Example The author also defines an internal identity as the real authentic self. This identity is defined by the black man’s inner and outer characteristics. It is the way the Negro truly should be; a powerful force of nature; an element that has defied the odds and lived on in a hostile society. This black man is a human being capable of dreaming, achieving and maximising his potential. Finally, and most importantly, Fanon’s third person must contend with the external identity. This is defined by the person’s race; it is the most predominant of all. The black man’s race is all the world sees, yet society insists on judging him according to its own standards. Fanon believes that accepting only the Negro or race identity is tantamount to being amputated. It rips off all other elements of his being and leaves him frustrated. The white man appears to call the shots in this society. He defines who the black man can and cannot be. Fanon bemoans the fact that this identity is branded onto black people as soon as they are born. They eventually realise that they are objects of others’ gazes. In one line he quotes the assertions of a white child: â€Å"Mama see the Negro! I’m frightened.†. The white gaze is indeed a primary component of the black man’s existence. Dubois also defined the black man’s identity through a double consciousness. This refers to two aspects of the Negro’s existence – that of being an American citizen and that of being a Negro.